![]() Personal identification has played a crucial role in linking the suspect with the scene of crime and victim. The current investigation scenario has shown a remarkable transformation from manual to scientific investigations that is, the modern crime scene evaluation depends on observing and explicating the physical evidence and subsequent analysis in the forensic labs through scientific techniques. The primary mode of criminal enquiries relied upon 3rd-degree methods or, to a limited extent, on the interpretation of evidence (like footprint analysis by Khojis of Rajasthan, India). The lip print patterns examined in the present study can be useful as an alternative to the existing systems to classify even partial lip marks recovered at the crime scene.įor ages, crime investigations have been undertaken manually and were primarily dependent upon the witnesses. ![]() Most of the Basic and Combination Patterns were widely distributed in all the analysed lip print samples and showed significant dependence on the sex of the subject. These patterns can be further categorized into various subtypes based on the direction and orientation of wrinkle lines constituting the original pattern. Detailed examination of lip prints revealed that all the quadrants tend to have 7 types of Basic Patterns and 43 types of Combination Patterns despite similar appearance. The method used emphasizes the consistency of patterns, which have been divided into Basic and Combination Patterns. Sexual dimorphism of the lip print patterns was also assessed statistically. The sample-wise and quadrant-wise frequency of all the patterns was statistically calculated. The whole lip print (Klein’s zone) was divided into 10 quadrants (five each on upper and lower lips) to study the whole pattern area thoroughly. Lip print samples were collected from 500 individuals (400 females and 100 males, respectively) using the tape lifting method. Therefore, in the present study, an alternative comprehensive system to classify even the partial prints has been proposed. The investigator may have to form an opinion on partial lip print to identify the culprit. However, sometimes, lip prints affected by either habitual smoking or any other pathological conditions are encountered. These systems were based solely on the shape of patterns present on the whole lip. Many scientists had devised different systems to classify the lip prints (Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, Martin Santos, Renaud, Afchar Bayar, and Jose Maria Dominguez). As previous authors claimed, these can be used for personal identification in forensic cases because they are unique, permanent, and classifiable. ![]() The wrinkles and grooves present on the sulci labiorum of human lips form characteristic patterns.
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